Clinical Analysis of Patients with MGUS, Primary Light Chain Amyloidosis, Multiple Myeloma or Multiple Myeloma with Concurrent Amyloidosis / 中国实验血液学杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To summarize and compare the clinical baseline characteristics of patients with monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS), primary light chain amyloidosis (pAL), multiple myeloma (MM), or MM with concurrent amyloidosis, especially the differences in cytogenetic abnormalities.@*METHODS@#The clinical data of 15 cases of MGUS, 34 cases of pAL, 842 cases of MM and 23 cases of MM with concurrent amyloidosis were analyzed and compared retrospectively.@*RESULTS@#Cytogenetic statistics showed that the incidence of t (11; 14) in the four groups (MGUS vs pAL vs MM vs MM with concurrent amyloidosis) was 0%, 33.3%, 16.4%, and 15.8%, respectively (P=0.037); that of 13q deletion was 20.0%, 14.7%, 45.8% and 56.5%, respectively (P<0.001); gain of 1q21 was 50.0%, 12.5%, 47.4% and 40.9%, respectively (P=0.001). Proportion of pAL patients with 0, 1 and≥2 cytogenetic abnormalities (including 13q deletion, 17p deletion, 1q21 amplification and IgH translocation) accounted for 41.9%, 41.9% and 16.1%, respectively; while the proportion of the same category in MM was 17.6%, 27.3%, and 55.2% respectively; this ratio of MM with concurrent amyloidosis was more similar to MM. Subgroup analysis showed that genetic abnormalities (including 13q deletion, 17p deletion and 1q21 amplification) were comparable within t (11; 14) negative and positive groups. Compared with positive cases, t(11; 14) negative patients with MM or MGUS were more likely to have 13q deletions and multiple genetic abnormalities.@*CONCLUSION@#Clinical characteristics of pAL, especially cytogenetic abnormalities, are significantly different from MM with concurrent amyloidosis. It suggests that although the onset characteristics are similar, actually the two diseases belong to different disease subtypes which should be carefully predicted and identified.

Associação entre gamopatia monoclonal de significado indeterminado e hiperparatireoidismo primário no diagnóstico diferencial das hipercalcemias - Relato de caso / Unknown significance monoclonal gammopathy (USMG) and primary hyperparathyroidism (PH) on diferential diagnosis of hypercalcemia - Case report

A gamopatia monoclonal de significado indeterminado (GMSI) é uma doença pré-maligna rara assintomática, definida por uma concentração de imunoglobulina monoclonal no soro menor que 3 g/dL e uma proporção de células plasmocitárias na medula óssea menor que 10%, na ausência de lesões líticas ósseas, anemia, hipercalcemia e insuficiência renal relacionadas com a proliferação de células plasmáticas monoclonais. O hiperparatireoidismo primário (HP) é uma doença relativamente frequente, afetando aproximadamente um em cada 1000 indivíduos. Alguns trabalhos sugerem que a frequência de HP está aumentada em neoplasias, ampliando o espectro da etiologia da hipercalcemia nesses pacientes. Relata-se, aqui, um caso de paciente de 63 anos admitido para investigação de anemia, parestesias e dores em membros inferiores, além de insuficiência renal. Durante investigação, verificou-se hipercalcemia, pico monoclonal sérico de IgA/lambda, sem critérios para mieloma múltiplo, e adenoma de paratireoide. O mesmo foi submetido à paratireoidectomia, cujo anatomopatológico revelou adenoma de paratireoide. Após a cirurgia, houve retorno dos níveis de cálcio e de função renal ao normal.

The monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (USMG) is a pre-malignant rare asymptomatic disease, defined by a concentration of immunoglobulin in serum monoclonal more than 3 g/dL and a proportion of plasma cells in bone marrow more than 10% in the absence of lytic bone lesions, anemia, hypercalcemia and renal failure related to monoclonal cell proliferation. Primary hyperparathyroidism (PH) is a relatively frequent disease, affecting approximately one in 1,000 individuals. Some studies suggest that the frequency of PH is increased in cancer, broadening the spectrum of etiology of hypercalcemia in these patients. We report here a case of a 63 years-old patient admitted for investigation of anemia, paresthesias, pain in the lower limbs and kidney failure. During investigation, there was hypercalcemia, serum monoclonal peak of IgA/lambda without criteria for multiple myeloma and with parathyroid adenoma. Patient was submitted to parathyroidectomy, which anatomicopathological revealed parathyroid adenoma. After surgery, levels of calcium and kidney function returned to normal.

Diffuse plane xanthomatosis associated with monoclonal gammopathy / Xantomatose plana difusa associada a gamopatia monoclonal

Diffuse plane normolipemic xanthomatosis (DPNX) is a rare, non-inherited disease that is often associated with systemic diseases, mainly malignant hematological (especially multiple myeloma) or lymph proliferative disorders. The DPNX can precede the appearance of such conditions by several years, so careful follow-up and periodic laboratory examinations are recommended even for patients that seemed to have no underlying disease. We describe a case associated with monoclonal gammopathy. This case shows that dermatological lesions can be the first manifestation of important hematological diseases and so physicians should be familiarized with this entity.

A xantomatose plana difusa normolipêmica (XPDN) é uma dermatose adquirida rara, muitas vezes associada a doenças sistêmicas, nomeadamente neoplasias hematológicas(sobretudo o mieloma múltiplo) ou a processos linfoproliferativos. A XPDN pode preceder o aparecimento dessas doenças em vários anos, sendo por isso recomendada uma vigilância clínica e laboratorial periódica, mesmo para os doentes que aparentemente não apresentam uma doença associada. Descrevemos um caso associado à gamopatia monoclonal. Este caso demonstra a importância das manifestações cutâneas como primeira manifestação de doenças hematológicas importantes e por isso os clínicos devem estar familiarizados com esta entidade.

A Case of Crystalline Keratopathy in Monoclonal Gammopathy of Undetermined Significance (MGUS)

A 62-year-old female visited our clinic with progressively decreased vision in both eyes beginning 12 years prior. Idiopathic corneal opacity in all layers of the cornea was found in both eyes. One year later, we performed penetrating keratoplasty on the undiagnosed right eye. During post-surgical follow-up, corneal edema and stromal opacity recurred, and penetrating keratoplasty was performed two more times. The patient's total serum protein level, which had previously been normal, was elevated prior to the final surgery. She was diagnosed with monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance. We made a final diagnosis of monoclonal gammopathy-associated crystalline keratopathy after corneal biopsy. Monoclonal gammopathy-associated crystalline keratopathy is difficult to diagnose and may lead to severe visual loss. A systemic work-up, including serologic tests like serum protein or cholesterol levels, is needed in patients with unexplainable corneal opacity.

Gamapatía monoclonal de significado indeterminado (GMSI) en mestizos mexicanos: Experiencia de una sola institución / Monoclonal Gammopathy of Undetermined Significance (MGUS) in Mexican Mestizos: One Institution's Experience

La gamapatía monoclonal de significado indeterminado (GMSI) se define como la presencia de una proteína sérica monoclonal a una concentración de 3 g por decilitro o menor; sin proteína monoclonal en la orina o solamente cantidades moderadas de cadenas ligeras monoclonales, sin lesiones líticas óseas, anemia, hipercalcemia, ni insuficiencia renal relacionada a la pro teína monoclonal y con una proporción de células plasmáticas en la médula ósea de 10% o menor. En poblaciones caucásicas, la GMSI afecta a 3% de la población mayor a 70 años, en tanto que en mestizos mexicanos esta proporción es considerablemente menor (0.7%); por otro lado, de todas las para proteinemias monoclonales en México, la GMSI representa sólo 2.4%. En un total de 9081 pacientes estudiados en el Centro de Hematología y Medicina Interna de Puebla en un período de 20 años, se identificaron 11 pacientes con GMSI. La mediana de edad es de 70 años, con márgenes de 43 a 83. Los pacientes han sido vigilados por periodos que oscilan entre 6y 3270 días (mediana 308). Dos pacientes desarrollaron mieloma múltiple 308 y 1687 días después de haberse identificado la GMSI. La mediana de supervivencia (SV) del grupo no se ha alcanzado y la SV a 32 70 días es de 91%. Después de discutir causas potenciales de error como son la falta de reporte y varios sesgos, parece que la GMSI, al igual que otros padecimientos inmunoproliferativos malignos, es probablemente menos frecuente en mestizos mexicanos que en individuos de origen caucásico. Es posible que hacer estudios rutinarios para identificar esta condición permita diagnosticar más casos.

Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) is defined as presence of serum monoclonal protein at a concentration of 3 g per deciliter or less, no monoclonal protein or only moderate amounts of monoclonal light chains in urine, absence oflytic bone lesions, anemia, hypercalemia, and renal insufficiency related with monoclonal protein, and with a proportion of plasma cells in bone marrow of 10% or less. In Caucasian population, MGUS affects about 3% of individuals > 70 years of age, whereas in Mexican mestizos this figure is substantially lower (0.7%); on the other hand, MGUS represents in Mexico only 2.4% of all monoclonal gammopathies. In a total of 9081 individuals studied prospectively at the Centro de Hematología y Medicina Interna de Puebla throughout a 20-year period, 11 patients with MGUS were identified. Median age was 70 years (range 43-83 years). Patients have been followed in periods ranging from 6 to 3270 days (median, 308 days). Two patients evolved into overt multiple myeloma at 308 and 1687 days after diagnosis of MGUS. Overall median survival (SV) of the group has not been reached, whereas3270 days overall SV is 91%. After discussing underreporting, biasing, and other confounding factors, it would seem that MGUS, like other monoclonal gammopathies, is les sfrequent in Mexican mestizos than in Caucasians. Routine screening studies to identify the condition should result in increased numbers of patients.

Xantomatosis plana difusa asociada a gammapatía monoclonal / Diffuse plane xantomatosis associated with monoclonal gammapathy

La xantomatosis plana difusa es una enfermedad rara, dentro del grupo de las xantomatosis. Se presenta con infiltración y cambio de coloración de la piel; puede asociarse a enfermedades sistémicas, las que marcan su pronóstico. Se presenta un caso de xantomatosis plana difusa asociada a gammapatía monoclonal

Polineuropatias das gamapatias monoclonais de etiologia indeterminada / Polyneuropathies associated with monoclonal gammopathies of indetermined significance

Os autores descrevem as polineuropatias (PN) nas gamapatias monoclonais de etiologia indeterminada (GME1). Referem-se ao quadro clínico, eletroneuromiográfico e aos achados histológicos nas PN das GMEI por IgM e IgG. Citam também os vários aspectos da terapêutica e da evoluçäo destas afecçöes. Relatam 14 casos, por eles estudados, nove por IgG e cinco por IgM, sendo nove mulheres e cinco homens. A idade média do início foi de 69 anos. Dois enfermos apresentavam tremor associado à PN. Em quase todos a VHS estava elevada, assim como as proteínas no LCR. Nos estudos eletrofisiológicos predominaram alteraçöes axonais na PN por IgG e distúrbios desmielizantes nas PN por IgM. A prednisona foi utilizada em cinco pacientes com PN por IgG e em três enfermos com PN por IgM. O uso deste fármaco näo autorizou dizer se seria ou näo o medicamento de escolha neste tipo de PN